Capitalists, however, could force workers to spend more time on the job than was necessary to earn their subsistence and then appropriate the excess product, or surplus value, created by the workers. He maintained that within the capitalist system, labour was a mere commodity that could gain only subsistence wages. According to Marx, it was not the pressure of population that drove wages to the subsistence level but rather the existence of a large army of unemployed, which he blamed on the capitalists. Much of Das Kapital spells out Marx’s concept of the “ surplus value” of labour and its consequences for capitalism. He described his purpose as to lay bare “the economic law of motion of modern society.” The first volume was published in Berlin in 1867 the second and third volumes, edited by his collaborator Friedrich Engels (1820–95), were published posthumously in 18, respectively.
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